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Devanagari ( ; ; ''devanāgarī'' a compound of "deva" , 1217 CE, found in Uttar Pradesh, India (British Museum)〕 The script's proto- and related versions have been discovered in ancient relics outside of India, such as in Sri Lanka, Myanmar and Indonesia; while in East Asia, ''Siddha Matrika'' script considered as the closest precursor to Nagari was in use by Buddhists.〔〔Wayan Ardika (2009), Form, Macht, Differenz: Motive und Felder ethnologischen Forschens (Editors: Elfriede Hermann et al.), Universitätsverlag Göttingen, ISBN 978-3940344809, pages 251-252; Quote: "Nagari script and Sanskrit language in the inscription at Blangjong suggests that Indian culture was already influencing Bali (Indonesia) by the 10th century AD."〕 Nagari has been the ''primus inter pares'' of the Indic scripts.〔George Cardona and Danesh Jain (2003), The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge, ISBN 978-0415772945, pages 75-77〕 The Devanagari script is used for over 120 languages,〔(Devanagari (Nagari) ), Script Features and Description, SIL International (2013), United States〕 including Hindi,〔(Hindi ), Omniglot Encyclopedia of Writing Systems and Languages〕 Marathi, Nepali, Pali, Konkani, Bodo, Sindhi and Maithili among other languages and dialects, making it one of the most used and adopted writing systems in the world. The Devanagari script is also used for classical Sanskrit texts.〔 The Devanagari script is closely related to the Nandinagari script commonly found in numerous ancient manuscripts of South India,〔George Cardona and Danesh Jain (2003), The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge, ISBN 978-0415772945, page 75〕〔Reinhold Grünendahl (2001), South Indian Scripts in Sanskrit Manuscripts and Prints, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, ISBN 978-3447045049, pages xxii, 201-210〕 and it is distantly related to a number of southeast Asian scripts.〔 Devanagari script has forty-seven primary characters, of which fourteen are vowels and thirty-three are consonants.〔 The ancient Nagari script for Sanskrit had two additional consonantal characters.〔 The script has no capital or small letters as in Latin, and weighs all characters as equal.〔Akira Nakanishi, Writing systems of the World, ISBN 978-0804816540, page 48〕 Generally the orthography of the script reflects the pronunciation of the language.〔 ==Origins== Devanagari is part of the Brahmic family of scripts of Nepal, India, Tibet, and South-East Asia. It is a descendant of the Gupta script, along with Siddham and Sharada.〔 Variants of script called ''Nāgarī'', recognizably close to Devanagari, are first attested from the 1st century CE Rudradaman inscriptions in Sanskrit, while the modern standardized form of Devanagari was in use by about 1000 AD.〔Richard Salomon (2014), Indian Epigraphy, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195356663, pages 40-42〕〔Krishna Chandra Sagar (1993), Foreign Influence on Ancient India, South Asia Books, ISBN 978-8172110284, page 137〕 Medieval inscriptions suggest widespread diffusion of the Nagari-related scripts, with biscripts presenting local script along with the adoption of Nagari scripts. For example, the mid 8th century Pattadakal pillar in Karnataka has text in both Siddha Matrika script, and an early Telugu-Kannada script; while, the Kangra Jvalamukhi inscription in Himachal Pradesh is written in both Sharada and Devanagari scripts.〔Richard Salomon (2014), Indian Epigraphy, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195356663, page 71〕 The Tibetan king Srong-tsan-gambo of 7th century ordered that all foreign books be transcribed into Tibetan language, sent his ambassador Tonmi Sambota to India to acquire alphabet and writing methods, who returned with Sanskrit Nagari script from Kashmir corresponding to 24 Tibetan sounds and innovating new symbols for 6 local sounds.〔William Woodville Rockhill, , United States National Museum, page 671〕 Other closely related scripts such as Siddham Matrka was in use in Indonesia, Vietnam, Japan and other parts of East Asia by between 7th- to 10th-century.〔David Quinter (2015), From Outcasts to Emperors: Shingon Ritsu and the Mañjuśrī Cult in Medieval Japan, Brill, ISBN 978-9004293397, pages 63-65 with discussion on Uṣṇīṣa Vijaya Dhāraṇī Sūtra〕〔Richard Salomon (2014), Indian Epigraphy, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195356663, pages 157-160〕 Sharada remained in parallel use in Kashmir. An early version of Devanagari is visible in the Kutila inscription of Bareilly dated to Vikram Samvat 1049 (i.e. 992 CE), which demonstrates the emergence of the horizontal bar to group letters belonging to a word.〔 One of the oldest surviving Sanskrit text from early post-Maurya period available consists of 1,413 Nagari pages of a commentary by Patanjali, with a composition date of about 150 BCE, the surviving copy transcribed about 14th century CE.〔Michael Witzel (2006), in Between the Empires : Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE (Editor: Patrick Olivelle), Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195305326, pages 477-480 with footnote 60; Original manuscript, dates in Saka Samvat, and uncertainties associated with it: (Mahabhasya of Patanjali ), F Kielhorn〕 ' is the Sanskrit feminine of ' "relating or belonging to a town or city, urban". It is a phrasing with ''lipi'' ("script") as ' "script relating to a city", or "spoken in city".〔Monier Williams Online Dictionary, (nagara ), Cologne Sanskrit Digital Lexicon, Germany〕 The use of the name ' is relatively recent, and the older term ' is still common.〔 The rapid spread of the term ' may be related to the almost exclusive use of this script to publish Sanskrit texts in print since the 1870s.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Devanagari」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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